Shengdian Wang1 and Lieping Chen1, 2
1The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of
Dermatology, Department of Oncology and Institute for Cell Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
2Corresponding Author: Jefferson Bldg. 1-121, Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD21287,
USA. E-mail: lchen42@jhmi.edu.
The past years have witnessed significant advance in our understanding of critical roles of T cell co-signals in
B7-CD28 family molecules in regulating T cell activation and tolerance. New co-signaling molecules have been
identified and their functions have been delineated. These co-signaling pathways play overlapping and distinct
regulatory roles at various stages of a T cell response. By expressing in appropriate time and location, these
pathways have different regulatory functions through independent receptors or on different subsets of
lymphocytes. Precise understanding of these pathways will allow the development of novel approaches to
treatment of human diseases such as cancer, viral infection, autoimmune diseases and transplantation rejection.
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